INTERNATIONAL STYLE

The International style became prominent during the 1920s-1930s, where the Modernist Architects started to emerge. The most common characteristic of this style is having rectilinear forms, open interior spaces, and the use of certain materials such as glass and steel as well as concrete.

Since modernization took place in the 20th century, structures were commonly built as office spaces and commercial spaces.

The extensive use of Glass windows gave birth to the Curtain Wall which is a signature feature of the era.

Seagram Building in New york by Mies Van De Rohe

The United Nations Headquarters by Wallace Harrison

There are also notable structures here in the Philippines that belong to this style.

G.T Tower in Makati

RCBC Tower also in Makati

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

The Modern Era of t he 20th century holds the most Modern Perspectives in design of Architects all over the world. The use of simplified forms and ornaments make this era a blank slate for Artists and Architects to express art especially after the Second World War.

This style was famous for stressing out function rather than unimportant ornaments in design.

Oscar Niemeyer, one of my favorites belongs to this era. With his famous structures in Brazil that made the country a 20th century icon.

Oscar Niemeyer at 103 years of age

His recent works include the Brasilia Digital Television Tower and the..

Cultural Complex of the Republic

Another Modernist, Frank Lloyd Wright who was famous for his use of rectangular shapes.

FLW's Falling Water, The Modern Era's most famous structure.

I wish I had a house like this.

A master of Modern Architecture, I.M Pei or Ieong Min Pei who is a Chinese American Architect.

Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Inspired by a drumset. What a genius :>

The Louvre Museum in Paris

For me, The Modern Era not only represents architecture's triumphs but also mankind. The development of the society around the world enables us humans to live in a civilized environment just like what the buildings of the Modern Era portray.

BAUHAUS

The Bauhaus movement originally started as a School in Germany. It existed in German Cities first in Weimar from 1919 to 1925, Dessau from 1925 to 1932 and Berlin from 1932 to 1933.

Walter Gropius founded the school of Bauhaus in Weimar and since then, other Architects were involved upon the development of its Art and Architecture.

Bauhaus Architecture focuses on Functionality, this in return was part of the development of the Modern Period or Modern Architecture. Therefore,k more simpified designs are used rather than complicated shapes and designs.

The Iconic Bauhaus school in Dessau

The Founders of the Bauhaus school are some of the most famous architects today. They are remembered for their monumental structures that are seen all over the world.

Honestly, aside of the Art Deco period, this is probably the period I like the most.

Walter Gropius

Ludwig Mies Van De Rohe

Hannes Meyer

The three supermen of The Bauhaus Era.

The Farnsworth house is the 'holy grail' of the Modern Era. Designed by Mies Van De Rohe and was known for the famous Modern principle ' LESS IS MORE ' . Modernists from all over the world embraced this idea therefore developing it.

The Bauhaus Era is a huge leap in Architecture considering the amount of knowledge architects have put into their work stressing function along with aesthetics and design.

For me, without this era, Architects today wouldn't have the drive to consider the society, globalization, function, environment and other elements that are vital for a structure to be able to work in a certain place.

ART NOUVEAU

While the Art Deco movement was flourishing the United States, Europe had another movement during the 1800s-1900s, it is called the Art Noveau.

The movement was said to be the 'antithesis' of the Art Deco period because it is the complete opposite of the Art Deco Style, It is the Art Nouveau period.

The Famous 'Sagrada Familia' by Architect Anton Gaudi

It focused on having organic lines, Curved and Intricate details, Human elements and decorative mouldings.

As seen here in one of the facades of the Sgrada Familia, Art Noveau also stresses Spirituality and Faith.

Columns inside the Church

Main Facade

The fruit like details on the Spires of the Church, again concentrating on Organic elements.

Most of the Art Nouveau decoratives are still seen today in our modern world especially in Spain and the rest of Europe.

Anton Gaudi was the prominent architect in this period. His works revolutionized the Art Nouveau style and gave it character.

My favorite Art Nouveau Architecture aside from the Sagrada Familia is Park Guell in Barcelona, Spain again made or designed by Anton Gaudi.

The Colorful Seating areas that are adorned with Mosaic tiles that are randomly patterned and

not precise in terms of size unlike the Art Deco Mosaics.

The Front view of the park. For me the stone looks or represents somewhat the texture and appearance of roots and vines.

Pre-cast concrete were also used in this era which I think is very vital in today's architecture.

ART DECO

Before studying Architecture, I was really a fan of NEW YORK and it's skyscrapers. I never knew back then that a certain era in Architecture was responsible for this distinct style. This interesting style brought to us by Europe is Art Deco coined bu Bevis Miller which is short for Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes refering to the 1925 exposition in Paris.

The Exposition in Paris started the early modernist movement by Le Corbusier's Le Esprit Noveau Pavilion

Art Deco also started considering Function over Form.

Art Deco buildings have a variety of materials like Yellow marble, stucco, Terracotta, bronze and Gold. It is considered to be one of the most lavish Architectural styles in the world.

CHEVRONS, A popular Art Deco pattern

This era traces back to its Architectural roots. It has influences on Aztec Mexican, Egyptian, Assyrian, Babylonian and many others. Considering the machine age before the Art Deco, most of the materials that are used are produced and manufactured by machines.

Stepped Vertical decoration Accents a skyscraper's height and horizontal ones emphasizes setbacks.

This stepped pyramidal style was popularized by Art Deco and is applied on most of the known buildings

The most noted Art Deco Buildings are those in the United States though they have been internationally popular since the exposition.

The New York Telephone Company Building A.K.A Barclay-Vessey Bldg. By Ralph walker

Has Stylized bolts of Electricity in the Foyer.

Chrysler Building by William Van Alen

This Building has classic Art Deco ornamentation and it's feature: A 27 ton spire which is 1046 ft. in height.

Radiator Caps on the 31st Floor.

Eagle Gargoyles on the 59th floor

7 Floors of Architectural Triangular shapes in the Spire

Empire State Building by William Lamb

Highlights include cast metal spandrels and over-lapping fan shaped motifs

Tribune Tower in Chicago by Raymond Hood

OKAY. I WAS SHOCKED WHEN I SAW THIS :) It was featured as Brick of the day in the exterior of the Tribune tower.

Zigzag moderne flourished the east side of United States specifically Los Angeles.

LOS ANGELES City Hall

However, Streamline moderne concentrates on rounded corners and curved wings and parapets.

Coca-cola Bottling Company in Nevada

The Colorful Miami Style Art Deco

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Who could ever live in a world without a cellphone, a T.V or a Car? In this ever changing world where technology is a neccesity, we humans depend on these to live our everyday lives. Long before the Cellphone had come up, there was the telegraph which was invented during the industrial revolution.

The Industrial revolution had a great impact on the world especially the building industry. Everything from machines and newer building materials made this period an essential part of the architectural world.

Machinery, steel and iron were the most noticeable advancements during this period. The shift from manual labor to machines has produced some of the earliest advancements in technology at that time.

Textile manufacturing gave way to the Cottage industry which allowed artisans to weave cloth in a certain fashion. Britain were already exporting their goods to other countries that provided them income and prosperity.

A model of the Spinning Jenny

Coal made fossil fuel manipulable to man that therefore made iron and steel for building purposes.

The Crystal Palace built in 1854 and is made out of cast-iron and glass. It showcased the Great exhibition that houses products from different countries at that time. It's creator, Joseph Paxton received recognition for his magnificent work.

The steam engine gave way to the first practical engine by Thomas Newcomen which powered most of the Industrial evolution.

Karl Benz, was the inventor of the gasoline powered automobile and is the founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes - Benz.

1885 Benz Patent Motorwaggen

Canals, roads, railways and bridges were built during this period.

Due to the increasing number in population, Child labor also took place in this era.Children were employed in cotton mills, factories, potteries and mining sites. The children weren't allowed to escape from their jobs and was given punishment when caught. Some were even decapitated because of the machines.

Population increase also brought in pollution. There was also poor Living conditions for people who couldn't afford a house. Even this early, there were already Social Statuses to consider.

INTERCOLUMNIATIONS

Intercolumniations are said to be the measurements of the space between columns in a colonade starting from the bottom of their shafts.

intercolumniation was determined from a system codified by the 1st-century bc Roman architect Vitruvius.

Pycnostyle

One and a half diameters

Systyle

Two diameters

Eustyle

Two and a quarter diameters, considered by Vitruvius to be the best proportion

Diastyle

Three diameters

Araeostyle

Four or more diameters, requiring a wooden architrave rather than one of stone

Araeosystyle

Alternating araeostyle and systyle

AMERICAN COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE

Colonial American Architecture covers a vast number of styles vrying from different influences, In our HISTARC2 class, we learned about the subtypes of this interesting period in Architecture.

The first one was the New England Colonial

This type of Colonial Architecture features a chimney and a steep roof.

Spanish Colonial

This type is characterized by the plastered exterior walls influenced by Spanish Architecture. Notice the presence of the Tegula Roof tiles.

German Colonial

The German Colonial style displays the different bricklaying techniques used for structural support.

Dutch Colonial

This style features the Jerkin's head roof or the Gambrel roof . They also have used brick laying techniques like the German Colonial.

French Colonial

This style is known for their use of Gable roofs, Porches and balconies. As we can see nowadays, American homes usually have gable roofs unlike local houses here in the Philippines.

Georgian Architecture

This style is said to be symmetric with panelled front doors, decorative crowns, and also their well known style of patterned fenestrations. The straight patterned windows give the structure a refined look and also unity and uniformity.

Greek Colonial

Greeks are well remembered for their orders. This style is similar to a Greek revival with the use of the Columns in different establishments and edifices.

This house reminds me of Elvis Presley's house where the highlight was the facade with the columns.

Federalist Style

This style is a blend between Georgian and Neo-palladian Architecture. I like the belnd of many styles in this period, like the medditeranean windows and the refined chimney as well as the brickwork.

Jefferson's idealist style

The University of Virginia's Rotunda built in 1826 by Thomas Jefferson is patterend after Rome's Pantheon. It was fascinating for me because I didn't know Thomas Jefferson was an architect.

High Victorian Gothic

This style is the Revival of the Gothic Era applied in our modern world.

2nd Empire baroque

Philadelphia City Hall

This style made use of the Mansard roof as well as marble.

Brick laying techniques

The different Brick laying techniques are as follows:

Stretcher

Header

Soldier

Sailor

Rowlock

Shiner

It was fascinating to learn about these techniques especially when you have a song and a dance number to go with it :>